![]() ![]() KeywordsĪhmed K, Hajian H, Hasu T, Kurnitski J (2020) Kouvola housing fair NZEB houses energy, cost and carbon analyses. A new approach should provide a sustainable and more reliable service to end-users, informing them about the environmental impacts in the whole life cycle, including the embodied energy of the building envelopes components like thermal insulation systems and windows. Hence, paradoxically, the global energy and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions might increase to reach Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs), as the embodied energy will increase using higher insulation thicknesses. ![]() Some measures, like high insulation thicknesses and top-performance windows, may generate similar or even higher embodied energy than the potential reductions during operation. Due to the low heating practices of Portuguese families, in many cases, building materials’ embodied energy may surpass the active energy demand for heating and cooling in a cost–benefit analysis. This paper emphasizes the need to track the environmental issues previously and during the rehabilitation of buildings envelopes. Nowadays, contractors can refurbish building envelopes without providing environmental benefits. For this reason, further improvements to EPCs might be necessary. The Energy performance certificates (EPCs) are an integral part of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and should have an essential role in enhancing the energy performance of buildings. ![]()
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